Science
ECLIPSE: Wear Red And Green To Experience The Purkinje Effect During The Total Solar Eclipse
TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE: Over two centuries ago, biologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně observed that red blossoms seemed bright carmine during sunny days but changed to a deep, subdued hue at night.
The phenomenon, now known as the Purkinje effect, explains why colors vary depending on the light present. In low light, bright reds appear deeper, faded, and often practically black, while blues and greens become more vibrant — and a total solar eclipse is an excellent occasion to witness this transformation.
Wear Red And Green To Experience The Purkinje Effect During The Total Solar Eclipse
Typically, the Purkinje effect occurs gradually as day gives way to night. The eyes, which have two types of light-sensitive receptors, begin to switch from using cone cells, which tell the brain what color is seen in bright light, to relying on rod cells, which take over in low light and typically only pick up blue-green wavelengths well, according to Will Snyder, manager of the Saint Louis Science Center’s James S. McDonnell Planetarium in Missouri.
On August 21, 2017, the sun’s corona was seen as the moon passed in front of it during a complete solar eclipse at Big Summit Prairie ranch in Oregon’s Ochoco National Forest near Mitchell.
During the complete solar eclipse that will span Mexico, the United States, and Canada on April 8, the moon will gradually block the sun’s face, reducing the quantity of light available to the eye. Therefore, color perception will be similar to what it is during twilight.
“What we are witnessing with the Purkinje effect is not real. “It’s just how our eyes and brains interpret light,” Snyder explained. As we get into the totality of the darkening of the sky, our eyes don’t have time to keep up with those changes, so one of the consequences is that things that are red tend to look much more muted (in comparison with) things that are blue or green in color.”
According to the University of Texas at Austin, during the eclipse’s twilight conditions, the eyes’ cones and rods will begin to work simultaneously due to the rapid transition from light to dark, rather than the usual handoff of cones to rods, which can take 30 to 45 minutes. Snyder stated that the cones cannot fully pick up colors in low light situations, whereas the rods will catch up on blues and greens, making those hues more immediately discernible than other colors.
Wear Red And Green To Experience The Purkinje Effect During The Total Solar Eclipse
This period of adjustment in which both cones and rods are active is known as mesopic vision. The shift will be most evident a few minutes before totality, when the moon appears to totally hide the sun. According to the Saint Louis Science Center, mesopic vision gives the surroundings a gray or “sepia tone” appearance.
According to Dr. Grady Rylander III, a licensed ophthalmologist and professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, people who are not in the path of totality may still perceive the effect depending on the degree of darkness they encounter. According to The Planetary Society, a partial eclipse that obscures more than half of the sun will cause daylight to decrease.
To see the Purkinje effect, people must remove their eclipse glasses, but only when looking at their surroundings, according to Rylander. “If you look directly at the sun, you must wear eclipse glasses or risk permanently damaging your retina. … “The Purkinje effect is visible if you look at objects around you during occlusion rather than the sun,” Rylander wrote in an email.
Snyder recommends wearing red and green while witnessing the solar event to accentuate the shifts in color saturation.
However, Snyder believes the difference will be more obvious because the change from daylight to less intense evening light occurs very quickly during an eclipse.
Wear Red And Green To Experience The Purkinje Effect During The Total Solar Eclipse
“It’s April, but if people have like a Christmas shirt with red and green stripes or something, those can be really interesting to look at, having those two colors side by side and just seeing how they appear to change to our eyes,” Snyder went on to say.
He pointed out that since the phenomena are a result of how human eyes interpret light, they are impossible to capture on camera.
“What makes (total solar eclipses) exciting is the relative rarity and all the cool phenomena that’s associated with it,” Snyder said in a statement. “You can just add this effect to that whole list of reasons why eclipses are cool.”
SOURCE – (CNN)
Science
Australia Asks Residents to Catch Deadly Funnel Web Spider
As summer approaches in Australia, residents are warned to look out for the funnel web spider, one of the country’s deadliest species.
In addition to advising the public to avoid funnel-web spiders during mating season, the Australian Reptile Park in New South Wales has even asked people to capture live funnel-web spiders so they can “milk” their venom.
Native to eastern Australia, the funnel web spider can kill humans in as little as fifteen minutes if they do not receive medical treatment for its poisonous bite.
There have been thirteen fatalities attributable to this species, but none since the development of antivenom in 1981. The Australian Reptile Park is appealing to the public for assistance capturing and donating spiders, as the serum relies on milking live spiders.
Hunting for the funnel net spider in residential areas is common practice after a particularly wet and warm season. Look for spiders in cool, dark places like pools, garden residue, heaps of dirty clothing, and outside shoes.
Australian Reptile Park spider keeper Emma Teni recently blogged about how they rely on spider donations more than ever, especially now that breeding season has arrived and the temperature is perfect.
“Male funnel-web spiders have short lifespans, and with approximately 150 spiders required to make just one vial of antivenom, we need the public’s help to ensure we have enough venom to meet demand.”
“If you spot an egg sac while collecting a spider, it’s important to safely collect that as well,” said Teni. “It can provide a robust supply of healthy young spiders to aid in our antivenom production.”
The spiders won’t be able to climb plastic or glass, but Teni suggests capturing funnel webs in a wide-mouthed jar with a cover. Then, you can lead the spiders into the container using a long spoon or something similar.
After that, fill the jar with moist soil, screw on the top, and bring it to the designated drop-off spot.
“We depend on the public for spider donations, and we want to make sure everyone stays safe during the collection process, especially with conditions being so favourable this year,” said Teni.
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Science
A Spacecraft Is On Its Way To A Harmless Asteroid Slammed By NASA In A Previous Save-The-Earth Test
CAPE CANAVERAL, Florida – A spacecraft launched Monday to probe the site of a cosmic accident.
The European Space Agency’s Hera spacecraft launched on a two-year trip to the little, harmless asteroid slammed by NASA two years ago as a practice run for the day when a murderous space rock threatens Earth. It’s the second phase of a planetary defense experiment that could one day save the globe.
SpaceX’s Falcon rocket vanished with Hera into the late morning clouds. An hour later, cheering erupted in the control center in Germany as the spacecraft split from the rocket’s upper stage and returned home. “It’s an amazing day,” the space agency’s director general, Josef Aschbacher, said later.
The 2022 crash of NASA’s Dart spacecraft reduced Dimorphos’ orbit around its larger companion, indicating that if a harmful rock was heading our way, it might be pushed off course with adequate warning.
A Spacecraft Is On Its Way To A Harmless Asteroid Slammed By NASA In A Previous Save-The-Earth Test
Scientists are eager to analyze the aftermath of the impact up close to determine how effective Dart was and what improvements may be required to protect Earth in the future.
“The more detail we can glean the better as it may be important for planning a future deflection mission should one be needed,” University of Maryland astronomer Derek Richardson stated before launch.
Researchers want to know if Dart (short for Double Asteroid Redirection Test) created a crater or changed the 500-foot (150-meter) asteroid more dramatically. It seemed to be a flying saucer before Dart’s blow and may now resemble a kidney bean, according to Richardson, who participated in the Dart mission and is assisting Hera.
Dart’s wallop sent rubble and boulders hurtling off Dimorphos, adding to the impact’s momentum. For months, the debris track extended thousands of miles (almost 10,000 kilometers) into space.
According to flight director Ignacio Tanco, some rocks and debris may still be hovering about the asteroid, posing a threat to Hera.
A Spacecraft Is On Its Way To A Harmless Asteroid Slammed By NASA In A Previous Save-The-Earth Test
“We don’t really know very well the environment in which we are going to operate,” Tanco informed me. “But that’s the whole point of the mission is to go there and find out.”
European authorities refer to the $400 million (363 million euros) effort as a “crash scene investigation.”
“Hera is going back to the crime scene and getting all the scientific and technical information,” said project manager Ian Carnelli.
Carrying a dozen science instruments, the compact car-sized Hera must swing past Mars in 2025 for a gravitational boost before landing at Dimorphos by the end of 2026. It’s a moonlet of Didymos, the Greek word for twin, a five-times larger asteroid that spins quickly. At that point, the asteroids will be 120 million miles (195 million kilometers) from Earth.
Hera will attempt to enter orbit around the rocky duo, progressively reducing flyby distances from 18 miles (30 kilometers) to a half-mile (1 kilometer). The spacecraft will examine the moonlet for at least six months to determine its mass, shape, composition, and orbit around Didymos.
Before the crash, Dimorphos circled its larger partner from three-quarters of a mile (1,189 meters) away. Scientists believe the orbit has become tighter and more oval-shaped, and that the moonlet may be tumbling.
Two shoebox-sized Cubesats will launch from Hera for even closer drone-like examinations, with one employing radar to peek beneath the moonlet’s boulder-strewn surface. Scientists believe Dimorphos was produced from particles shed by Didymos. The radar measurements should assist in determining whether Didymos is the small moon’s parent.
A Spacecraft Is On Its Way To A Harmless Asteroid Slammed By NASA In A Previous Save-The-Earth Test
After their survey, the CubeSats will attempt to land on the moonlet. If the moonlet tumbles, the situation will become more complicated. Hera may potentially conclude its mission with a perilous touchdown but on the bigger Didymos.
Asteroids, which are remnants of the solar system’s origin 4.6 billion years ago, circle the sun principally between Mars and Jupiter in what is known as the main asteroid belt, where millions of them live. When they fall from the belt and land in our area, they become near-Earth objects.
NASA now has around 36,000 near-Earth objects, the majority of which are asteroids, although there are also some comets. More than 2,400 of them are deemed potentially dangerous to the Earth.
SOURCE | AP
Science
A Rare Comet Brightens The Night Skies In October
NEW YORK — Prepare to spot a rare and dazzling comet.
The space rock is hurling toward Earth from the far reaches of the solar system and will make its closest approach on Saturday. It should be visible through the end of October, assuming clear skies.
A Rare Comet Brightens The Night Skies In October
Comet Tsuchinshan-Atlas should be visible to the naked eye, but binoculars and telescopes will provide a clearer view.
“It’ll be this fuzzy circle with a long tail stretching away from it,” explained Sally Brummel, planetarium manager at the Bell Museum in Minnesota.
What is a comet?
They are frozen remains from billions of years ago when the solar system was formed. They heat up as they swing toward the sun, revealing their distinctive streaming tails.
In 2023, a green one that had last visited Earth 50,000 years ago flew past again. Other significant flybys were Neowise in 2020 and Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake in the mid to late 1990s.
Where did Tsuchinshan-Atlas come from?
Also known as C/2023 A3, was found last year and named after the observatories in China and South Africa that spotted it.
It originated in the Oort Cloud, which extends far beyond Pluto. After making its closest approach to Earth at 44 million miles (71 million kilometers), it will not return for another 80,000 years, provided it survives the journey.
A Rare Comet Brightens The Night Skies In October
Every year, several comets are detected, but many of them burn up near the sun or are too far away to be observed without special equipment, according to Larry Denneau, a key researcher with the Atlas telescope that helped discover it.
How to View
Those seeking to see Tsuchinshan-Atlas should go outside about an hour after sunset on a clear night and look to the west.
The comet should be visible from both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
SOURCE | AP
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